In May 2026, the Government of India submitted before the Supreme Court that Article 25(1) of the Constitution primarily guarantees which of the follo

Question

In May 2026, the Government of India submitted before the Supreme Court that Article 25(1) of the Constitution primarily guarantees which of the following?

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The correct answer is Option A: Freedom of conscience and freedom of religion. In May 2026, the Government of India submitted before a nine-judge Supreme Court Bench that Article 25(1) protects freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practise and propagate religion, and does not directly deal with gender equality. The Supreme Court Bench hearing the matter was headed by Chief Justice of India Surya Kant and the case was heard over 16 days across five weeks. Article 25(1) is part of Part III of the Constitution of India, which contains Fundamental Rights. Article 25(1) guarantees freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practise and propagate religion. Article 25(2) permits the State to regulate secular activities associated with religious practices and to provide for social welfare and reform. Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. Religious denominations may prescribe different modes of worship, beliefs, and rituals under Article 25(1), reflecting denominational autonomy in Indian constitutional jurisprudence. The Government argued that changes in religious practices should be decided through legislative deliberation, and the Solicitor General referred to the Sabarimala case in this context of judicial intervention in religious matters. The United Kingdom (2022) stated that freedom of religion or belief and gender equality are interdependent, intertwined, and mutually reinforcing rights.

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Equality of opportunity in public employment

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Right to property and legal ownership rights

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Right to education and learning access rights

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Protection against exploitation and forced labour

In May 2026, the Government of India submitted before the Supreme Court that Article 25(1) of the Constitution primarily guarantees which of the following?

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In May 2026, the Government of India submitted before the Supreme Court that Article 25(1) of the Constitution primarily guarantees which of the following?

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