Statements :

All villages are cities.

All cities are countries.

All countries are towns.

Conclusions :

I. All towns are villages.

II. Some cities are not towns.

(i) All villages are cities →Universal Affirmative (A type). (ii)Some black are blue → Particular Affirmative (I-type). (iii) No blue are white → Universal Negative (E-type)A (iv) Some blue are not white → Particular Negative (O type). A + A $ Rightarrow $ A-type of Conclusion “All villages are countries”. A + A $ Rightarrow $ A-type of Conclusion “All cities are towns”.

A + A $ Rightarrow $ A-type of Conclusion.

“All villages are towns”.